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A spring washer is a mechanical locking element used in bolted connections to prevent loosening due to vibrations, dynamic loads, or settling. It belongs to the group of locking washers and is frequently used in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and also in the bicycle industry.
A spring washer is a specially shaped washer made of resilient material (usually steel) that deforms elastically when a screw is tightened. This preload ensures that the screw connection remains permanently under tension.
Function and operating principle
The effect of the spring washer is based on two central effects:
1. Preload (spring effect)
When the screw is tightened, the spring washer is compressed. It then tries to return to its original shape. This creates a constant force that presses the screw against the thread.
2. Increased friction
Many spring washers (e.g., toothed versions) further increase the friction between the components. This makes it more difficult for the connection to come loose on its own.
Types of spring washers
There are different designs that differ in their mode of operation:
1. Grower spring disc (classic)
The most well-known type is the so-called slotted spring washer (also called a "grower washer"). It is bent into a spiral shape and creates a spring tension when tightened.
Features:
Simple assembly
Widespread
Effective especially under light to moderate loads
2. Fan disc (toothed disc)
This spring washer has teeth facing outwards or inwards.
Advantages:
Excellent securing through "interlocking" with the material
Ideal for electrical contacts (penetrates oxide layers)
3. Belleville washer
A conically shaped disc that can withstand particularly high forces.
Mission:
Highly stressed bolted connections
Precisely defined spring characteristic
Use on bicycles
Spring washers are also used selectively in the bicycle sector, particularly in:
Luggage rack attachments
Mudguard mounting
Motor and component mounting on e-bikes
Dynamo or lighting systems
They are particularly relevant for e-bikes , as motor vibrations can cause additional stress.
Advantages
Prevents screws from loosening due to vibration.
Simple and cost-effective solution
No special tools required
Reusable (depending on material and condition)
Disadvantages and limitations
Limited safety effect under high dynamic loads
It can lose its effectiveness if used incorrectly.
Modern alternatives (e.g., thread-locking lacquer or self-locking nuts) are often more reliable.
Differentiation from other security elements
| element | Operating principle |
|---|---|
| spring washer | Spring force + friction |
| Lock nut | plastic ring or clamping effect |
| Threadlocking lacquer | Chemical fixation |
| toothed disc | Mechanical gearing |
Conclusion
The spring washer is a classic, simple locking element for bolted connections. In the bicycle sector, it plays a role primarily in less safety-critical connections. Despite its simple design, it fulfills an important function – especially where vibrations occur and constant preload is required.
However, for modern applications, especially for highly stressed e-bike components, it is worth taking a look at more powerful alternatives.
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